20 Irish Buildings You Should Know

Twenty twentieth-century Irish buildings that students of architecture should know, as chosen by TU Dublin fourth-year architecture students.

Domestic, residential, Dublin School of Architecture, DIT, Building of the Century, bronze age, fortification, RIAI Triennial Gold Medal, cloister, concrete, sanctuary, Frank Lloyd Wright, FLW, Arts and Crafts, 16th century, castle, steel, cantilever, Bauhaus, housing estate, holiday village, makers space, studio, transport, IMI, US, University College Dublin, modern, prefabricated, Scott Tallon Walker

RIAI Bulletin 27

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

The Status of Membership, Council Matters reported by the General Secretary, RIAI/RIBA Relations, Hospital Fees, Northern Report, Annual Conference, Output, Employment, Occupational shortages in the Building Industry, Raymond McGrath, Kevin Fox, After Modern, This Century in Irish Architecture, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, Comment, RIAI Report, Diary, Review of the Building Industry, Lapse of Planning Permission, Architects in the Local Authority

The Bicycle: A study of efficiency, usage, and safety

Financed by Irish Raleigh Ltd., this report is a general study of the efficiency, usage, and safety of the bicycle as a mode transport. As well as bicycle safety, this study considers housing estate layout in suburban areas and how it can minimise the adverse impact of motorised traffic on urban neighbourhoods.

An Foras Forbartha Teoranta, The National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research, Irish Raleigh Industries Ltd., Road Research Fund,

RIAI Bulletin 59

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, AAI, Architectural Association ireland, practise notice, UCD, University College Dublin, Bolton Street, concrete, materiality, design, detail, specification,

Architectural Survey 1957

Architectural Survey was an annual review of contemporary architecture in Ireland, which ran from 1953-1972.

Directory of Architects, Classified Buyers’ Guide, Index to advertisers, Commerce, Health, Industry, Education, Religion, Housing, Public Service

RIAI Bulletin 23

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Comment, RIAI Reports, Diary, Time and Place, Housing Conference, Practice notes, travelling scholarship, RIAI Conference, Committees, Metrication, Tender Procedure, 8 Merrion Square, New DOE Outline Specification for Housing, News Information Service for the Construction Industry, House Building Cost Index, Northern Report, Ronnie Tallon, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, members,

RIAI Bulletin 29

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Comment, RIAI Report, Diary, Letter, Review, RIAI Conference, The Raymond McGrath Memorial Lecture, Luan Cuffe, Obituary, Engagement of Architects for the design of the Catholic Churches in the Archdiocese of Dublin, Architectural Section - Independent Artists’ Annual Exhibition - Municipal Gallery 1980 ‘The Making of a Modern Street’, After Modern: this century in Irish Architecture, Council, Report from Cork, Advisory Document on the Conditions of Employment, Annual Dinner, Building Industry Council, Archdiocese of Dublin, Independent Artists’ Annual Exhibition, Municipal Gallery 1980, The Making of a Modern Street, Gerry Cahill, Housing Research Unit, UCD, Back to the Street, Padraig Murray, Jake Brown, Tradition and Change, Brian Anson, RIAI Conference Wexford, Charlie Donnelly, Theatre Centre Sienna, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland

RIAI Bulletin 53

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, AAI, Architectural Association ireland, practise notice, UCD, University College Dublin, Bolton Street, concrete, materiality, design, detail, specification, CIF, Sir Peter Swimmerton-Dyer, Chairman, University Grants Committee, Ted Nealon, TD, Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach, Grand Opera House, Belfast, Robert McKinstry, Melvyn Brown, Tollymore Forest Park, Teahouse, Ian Campbell, Diamond Redfern Anderson, The Watershed Restaurant,

Department of Architecture and Town Planning, DIT Bolton Street, 1992-1994

The first publication by the Department of Architecture and Town Planning at DIT Bolton Street celebrates the work of both staff and students during the academic years 1992/93 and 1993/94.

Yearbook, thesis, student work, staff work, project, idea, Bolton street, design technology, freehand drawing, graphics, geometrical drawing, descriptive geometry, analysis, perception, model, drawing, study, precedent, Study Sheets, Vernacular Architecture, Keith McMullin, Aidan Nolan‍, Form Study, Rory Brady, Judith Ryan, ‍Graphics, Eoin Kingston, Edel Collins, ‍Still Life, Ultan Donagher‍, Spatial Study, Edel Collins, ‍House Project, ‍Cubic Study, Rosemary Costello, Deirdre McManus, John Smyth, Measured Drawing, Liam McLoughlin, Alan Furlong, Aidan Nolan, Ultan Donagher, Sharon O’Brien, Sinead Bourke‍, Medical Accommodation, Michael Ring, T.G. Flynn, Fergal Fitzpatrick, Ruth Herman, Rory Brady, ‍Brick Pavilion, Michael Ring, Fergal Fitzpatrick, Eoin Kingston, ‍Timber Pavilion, Conor Moriarty, Susan Dawson, Oisin Clancy, Rory Brady, Sinead Bourke, Michael Ring, Fergal Fitzpatrick, Eoin Kingston, ‍Lifeguards’ Tower, Eamon Gogarty, ‍Futuristic Leisure Centre, ‍Kindergarten‍, Study Sheets: Bordeaux, Berlin, Chicago, Louis Kahn, Adolf Loos, ‍Water Testing Station, Thomas Sexton, Patrick Harrington, Darragh Murphy, ‍Yacht Repair Facility, Michael Ring, Rosemary Bradley, Sinead Hughes, ‍Vertical Composition, Jennifer Lynch, Sinead Hughes, Sinead Cullen, Ann Canning, ‍Urban Projects at Smithfield, Amiens Street Station, Grand Canal Dock, Parnell Street, Christchurch, Patrick Street, Seamus Hanrahan, Sue Stringer, Gerard Harvey, Sharon O’Brien, Rossa Prendergast, ‍Artists’ Gallery Annascau, Thomas Sexton, Darragh Murphy‍, Artists’ Retreat Inistioge, Veronica Blake, Gerard Harvey, ‍Interact 1993 Student Accommodation, Aoife O’Donnell, Donal Hickey, Keith Graham, ‍Interact 1994 School of Music, Rossa Prendergast, Eleanor Masterson, Fergal Fitzpatrick, David Dwyer, Sterrin O’Shea, Eleanor Donnelly, Jennifer Clarke, Gerard Harvey, Sinead Hughes, Sheep Farmer’s House, Alan de Lacy, ‍Yacht Club, Donal Hickey, Martin Colreavy‍, Chapel and Cemetery, R. Quinn, Gary Mongey, ‍Galway Courthouse, Eithne Moran, David Creighton, Gary McGinty‍, RIAI Headquarters, Temple Bar, Hugh Kelly ‍Kilkenny Railway Station, Keith Graham, B.A Dowdall, Martin Colreavy ‍RIAI Travelling Scholarship – Rural Resource Centre, Raphoe‍, RIAI Travelling Scholarship – Research and Development Centre, Limerick, Patrick Harrington, Donal Hickey, Marcus Reid, Peter McGovern‍, Thesis: National Opera HouseDavid Mansfield 1993‍Thesis: Chester Beatty Library, Stephen Roe 1993‍, Thesis: Oceanarium and Research Centre, Joanna Maher 1993‍, Thesis: International Advertising Agency, Jacques D’Arcy 1994‍, Thesis: Dublin Stock Exchange, Alan Begley 1994‍, The work of staff, Lego Architecture, J. Neil Downes‍, Sculpture and House, Eamonn O’ Doherty‍, Cliffs of Moher Competition, Niall McCullough, Valerie Mulvin‍, Athlone Library, Neil Sholdice, ‍Graphics, Ditte Kummer-O’Connor‍, Mews House, Cathal Crimmins

Post Industrial

Post Industrial features a series of essays discussing the physical and material world of Irish industrial settlements; how these villages as worked a social spaces, while at the same time highlighting future conservation priorities.

Industrialisation, Great Famine, Act of Union, settlements, model villages, Mountrath, Laois, Society of Friends, Charles Henry Coote, Statistical Survey of Laois 1800, industry, brewery, pottery, woollen mills, cotton, Kilkenny, village, Earl of Ormond, crossroad plan, linear town, town square, High Street, triangular centre, village morphology, Louisburgh, Mayo, Dunmanway, Cork, Maynooth, Kildare, Tallow, Waterford, Belmullet, Johnstown, Ballyragget, Geashill, Offaly, Castleblayney, Monaghan, Eyrecourt, Rathdowney, Galway, Lurgan, Armagh, Monivea, New Birmingham, Athenry, Slieveardagh Hills, Glengoole, Robert Ffrench, Kilcooley, Utopian Socialism, Stratford, Slaney, town planning, crescent form, Abbeyleix, Laois, Hillsborough, Down, Tyrrellspass, Meath, Mountbellew, Galway, Johnstown, Kilkenny, Slane, Westport, Ballyhaise, Cavan, Castlewellan, Down, piers, quays, Roundstone, Binghamstown, Killala, Achill, Knightstown, Kerry, Carrigaholt, Cork, Balinskelligs, Ballyvaughan, Liscannor, Rossaveel, Old Head, Inishturk, Raughly, Brandon, Spiddal, Barna, Seafield, Kilbaha, Dingle, Cahersiveen, Doonbeg, Cleggan, Clifden, New Quay

Architectural Survey 1958

Architectural Survey was an annual review of contemporary architecture in Ireland, which ran from 1953-1972.

Office, School, education, primary school, secondary school, Kilmacud, shrine, jesuit, ecclesiastical architecture, church, technical school, house, residential, aer lingus, aviation, shop, pub, bar, grafton street, coffee shop, coffee, factory, zoo, hostel, theatre, Gate Theatre, Meath, Galway, Dublin, Belfast, Antrim, Cork, Waterford, Sligo, Kildare,

RIAI Bulletin 28

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Comment, RIAI Report, Diary, Review of the Building Industry, Lapse of Planning Permission, Architects in the Local Authority, The Status of Membership, Council Matters reported by the General Secretary, RIAI/RIBA Relations, Hospital Fees, Northern Report, Annual Conference, Output, Employment, Occupational shortages in the Building Industry, Raymond McGrath, Kevin Fox, After Modern, This Century in Irish Architecture, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland

Architectural Survey 1960

Architectural Survey was an annual review of contemporary architecture in Ireland, which ran from 1953-1972.

Housing, New Town, Industry, Commerce, practical value, Education, Public buildings, Dublin, church, office, Inn, Motel, hotel, School, Bakery, shop, bank, factory, bungalow, bar, pub, school

Architecture Ireland 323

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #323 focuses on the theme of ‘labour’.

Back to the Street

Jointly published by the Housing Resarch Unit at the School of Architecture in University College Dublin and Cement-Roadstone Holdings Ltd., Back to the Street records Dublin inner-city housing at the beginning of the 1980s and proposes a strategy of urban renewal through the provision of housing to deal with city dereliction and decay.

School of Architecture, University College Dublin, UCD, neighbourhood, The Liberties, Dublin, Dublin Corporation, DCC, density, planning regulation, housing conference, urban living, the devaluation of the street, the role of the street, land use, building condition, condensation,

The Relative Importance of Elements of Low Rise Housing Environments

This working paper documents research undertaken to discover residents’ views on their housing environments to identify those elements associated with overall satisfaction and to make such information available to designers and policy makers.

Planning division working paper, housing user satisfaction, relative importance of elements, low rise, housing complaint level, Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Estate Appearance, Vandalism, Play, Back Garden, School, Front Garden, Rent, Shops, Work Convenience, Traffic, Census, Tomas O’Beirne, The estate outside the dwelling, Journal of Architectural Research, American Journal of Sociology, Urban Studies, Encounter, Environment Planning,

RIAI Bulletin 45

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Martello Mews Ballsbridge, Liberties North-Housing, Holiday Village Trabolgan, Hunt Museum, Tower Hotel Waterford, Riordan Kavanagh O’Reilly, Maoliosa O’Flynn, Diamond Redfern Anderson, Denis Anderson, Delaney MacVeigh & Pike, Jim Barrett, David Crowley, Brady Shipman Martin, Burke-Kennedy Doyle & Partners, Gerry Brouder, Arthur Gibney & Partners, Comment, RIAI Reports, Diary, Cryptoporticus and Partners, Hardcore, Review, Barrier Free Design, A View from the Outside, Landscape, Student Housing, Unemployment, Housing Medal, RIBA Education Conference, Trends for the Future, Interiors, Building Regulations, Review, RIAI Council 1984, Council Ballot Results, President, Honorary Treasurer, Richard P. Hurley, December, January, Annual General Meeting 1983, 8 Merrion Square, National Housing Conference, Annual Conference 1984, New members, Elected Fellows, A View, James Bourke, Special Meeting of Council, Ecclesiastical Cork, Twenty Years of Planning, Berna Grist, Sculpture in Galway, Diplomas for Architects, Kilkenny Interiors, The Housing Centre, ARC opens in Dublin, Applied Research of Cambridge Limited, ICCROM, Noel Moffett, ABS Raffle, Architects’ Benevolent Society, Workshop on Passive Solar Design, UNESCO Competition, RHA, Royal Hibernian Academy, Non-Profit Housing, The Housing Centre, The Housing Research Unit of the school of Architecture, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, Royal Hibernian Academy, AAI, Architectural Association ireland, AGM, UCD, University College Dublin, Bolton Street, College of Technology,

Architecture in Ireland - vol. 1, no. 8

First published in 1978, Architecture in Ireland was a magazine which featured ‘news, views and reviews’, architecturally significant buildings, and descriptions and illustrations of proposed developments.

RIAI Conference, urban housing, national conference, obair, oibre, commission, public works, Office of Public Works, concert hall, gardaí, Kilkenny Castle, restoration, pier, Ballyglass, Mayo, Westport, Ralph Erskine, Burlington, National Housing Conference, Housing in Small Towns, Gerard O’Callaghan, John Sharrat, Photography as Art, Gallery of Photography, Wellington Quay, Camera Ireland, Marcel Marceau, Aran Islands, Architects’ Dinner, Planning tour of India, Earlsfort Terrace, Security Device, Sentimental Journey, Wood Quay, Dublin Corporation, Civic Offices, Museum, Architecture, UCD, Mattie McDermot, Irish Art and Architecture, Peter Harbison, Homan Potterton, Jeanne Sheehy, Supervisor’s Guide to Rehabilitation and Conversion, Earlsfort Terrace, Hatch Street, Leeson Street, Alexandra College, Patrick Wallace, Archaeologist, National Museum, Kevin Spencer

Architecture in Ireland - vol. 1, no. 5

First published in 1978, Architecture in Ireland was a magazine which featured ‘news, views and reviews’, architecturally significant buildings, and descriptions and illustrations of proposed developments.

Voluntary Architectural Services, End of an Era, Matthew McDermott, UCD, University College Dublin, Golf Outing, Architects’ and Surveyors’ Golfing Society, RIAI Hon. Secretary, Con Manahan, UCD Building Lab, Eileen Gray Furniture, Foras Chief Resigns, Wall Insulation, RIAI Awards, Industrial History, Aspects of Irish Industrial History 1878 – 1978, Wood Quay, Six Soviet Cities, Moscow, Bukhara, Tashkent, Samarkand, Tbilisi, Lenningrad, Ove Arup & Partners, Varming Mulcahy Reilly Associates, Patterson Kempster & Shortall, John Sisk & Son, Joseph McCullough & Partners, Joseph Clancy, Boyd and Creed, G & T Crampton,

RIAI Bulletin 7

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Ordinary General Meeting, OGM of the RIAI, President’s Report, Honorary Treasurer’s Statement, Presentation of Certificates, Revision of By-Laws, Adoption of new entry forms, President’s inaugural address, Annual Report of Council, Ideas Competition, Hospital Building Programme, Annual Conference, Election of Vice President, Technician Representative on Council, Commonwealth Board of Architectural Education, Housing Conference, Housing Competition, Hospital Programme in the Dublin Area, Maintenance of Historic Buildings, EEC Affairs, Coras Trachtala Design Scholarship, International Symposium, International Ideas Competition, ISAGA Conference, READAPT, Council for 1974, Nelson’s Pillar, 8 Merrion Square, International Union of Architects, National Economic and Social Council, European Architectural Heritage Year, CAA Ottawa Conference, CAA Board of Architectural Education, Brussels Meeting, EEC Liaison Committee, Scrutioneer’s Report, Accreditation Board, Institute Dinner-Dance, parking policy, chief fire officer, Georgian Society Records, EEC Booklet, Europe in the 1980s, Seminar on Electrical Installations, Management and Business Studies, UIA Seminar, Employees Pension Fund, Seminar on Architecture, Urban and Regional Research, Design of Nursery School Buildings, Aspects of Architectural Research, Arbitration Seminar, Design Economics, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, AGM, minutes, meeting minutes, exhibition, competition, symposium, materials, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, CAA, members, Election, report, EEC, housing, Maintenance of Historic Buildings, Institute Dinner-Dance, EEC Affairs, Change in Telephone Numbers, Missing Package, Architect Grade I. Dublin Corporation, Parking Policy in Central Dublin, Chief Fire Officers Association, Western Architects Group, Georgian Society Record, Paintings for Institute Rooms, New Office Block, EEC Booklet “Europe in the 1980’s”, Seminar on Electrical Installations, Management and Business Studies, UIA Seminar, Employees Pension Fund, Election of Vice Presidents, Technician Representative on Council, Accreditation Board, Commonwealth Board of Architectural Education, Housing Conference, Housing Competition, Hospital Programme in the Dublin, Coras Trachtala Design Scholarships, International Symposium, International Ideas Competition, ISAGA Conference, Seminar on Architecture, Urban and Regional Research, Design of Nursery School Buildings, Aspects of Architecture Research, Arbitration Seminar, Design Economics, READAPT, Council for 1974, Board of Architectural Education, Professional Conduct Committee, Public Affairs Committee, Professional Practice Committee, House Committee, Accreditation Board, An Foras Forbartha, RIBA Council, Annual Report of Council, Honorary Treasurer’s Report, Auditors Report, Nelson Pillar Fund, Adoption of Auditors Report and Accounts, New Office Block, 8 Merrion Square, President’s Report, Hospital Building Programme, Annual Conference, International Union of Architects, National Economic and Social Council, European Architectural Heritage Year, CAA Ottawa Conference, CAA Board of Architectural Education, Brussels Meeting, New Pictures, Election of Council for 1974, President’s Address, President Elect in the Chair

Architecture in Ireland - vol. 1, no. 4

First published in 1978, Architecture in Ireland was a magazine which featured ‘news, views and reviews’, architecturally significant buildings, and descriptions and illustrations of proposed developments.

RIAI Annual Conference, The Royal Hospital Kilmainham, Design Seminar, Draft Provisional Standards, School and Community, No ifs or buts, Thermal Performance and Energy Use in Housing, UCC Appoints Architects, New Information Centre, Housing Needs; Foras Course, Derry Church Commended, Modular Dictionary, Chamber of Commerce on Urban Problems, York Courses, Small Firms in the Inner City, Thermal Performance and Energy Use in Housing, Department of Education, housing, news, Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park, Royal Hospital Kilmainham, Institute for Industrial Research and Standards, OECD, School building, UCC, A&D Wejchert, Murray and Murray, Building Information Centre, Liam McCormick, Steelstown Church, Modular dictionary, Downes Eire, Jerome O’Connor, South Dublin Construction Co., Tidy Towns Competition, Avanti, Dux, Klaessons, Supertube, Joseph McCullough and Partners, JV Tierney & Co, Seamus Monaghan, M Loughnane, Competition for Taoiseach’s Residence, Society of Designers, Thomas Davis Memorial, Downes Eire, Jerome O’Connor

RIAI Bulletin 3

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Fire prevention, fire construction, lack of fire breaks, hazardous material storage, exposure hazard, ventilation, Accessibility for Fire Fighting, water supply, inadequate segregation of Hazardous Process of Manufacture or Hazardous Material Storage, Available Water Supplies and Fire Fighting Equipment, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committees, AGM, minutes, meeting minutes, fire, fire safety, fire stopping, construction, EPA

This is Content. This is Theory. This is Craft.

An annual yearbook featuring student work from the Dublin School of Architecture, TU Dublin.

TU Dublin, Strategic Plan, Broombridge, DSA School Strategic plan 2020-25, Linenhall, Georgian Limerick, Tech HQ, Architecture Belongs, Social Experimentation, Dublin Docklands Master plan, Urban Village, Post-Primary School, Housing Scheme, Staccato Music Academy, The Hearth Stone, Dublin Institute of Maritime Technology, A Structural Matrix, Pre-Placement, timber, steel, concrete, towards integrated buildings, timber study, steel study, Recital Hall, thesis, technology, Technical Guidance Documents, TGD, Part L, Developing Technical Skills, Otium, rejuvenated landscape, otium bathing, Venustas, Capel Street, Architectural Students Association, Barcelona as an architectural precedent, Critique, Rethinking the Crit, Social Purpose, Walks of Bath, Bath, Point Cloud, Framing Foci, Bad Architecture, local diversity, Caring for place, Place of Work, joinery, brick, stonelaying, painting, wallpapering,

Architecture Ireland 300

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #300 focuses on the theme of ‘FREESPACE, La Biennale di Venezia'.

Women in Architecture, Golden Lion Lifetime Achievement, WAF, 2018 Stirling Prize, Arsenale, Giardini, Philip Vivian, Sadie Morgan, Jennifer McElwain, Exhibition, Biennale, Italy, Venice, Castello, Photo Essay, review, education, study trip, urbanism, In the mail, Proportional Tricks, Star Apartments, Saorspás, The Factory Floor, Thresholds, Collateral Events, Sounds and Vision, After-Party, A More Feminine Biennale, 1985, Free Market Square, After a Long Day’s Work, Irish Design Everywhere, Elephant in the Room, Marina Tabassum, Diversity and Craft, Immersion, Shane O'Toole, Jeffrey Bolhuis, Dermot Boyd, David Browne, Kathryn Meghen, Jo Anne Butler, Peter Carroll, Louise Cotter, Cian Deegan, Alice Casey, Miriam Delaney, Marc Dubois, David Hughes, Tara Kennedy, Laurence Lord, Mary McCarthy, Frank McDonald, Niall McLaughlin, Alan Mee, Harry Browne, Orla Murphy, Carole Pollard, Angela Rolfe, Christine Sisk, Kerstin Thompson, Martha Thorne, John Tuomey, Nathalie Weadick, Emmett Scnalon, Ali Grehan.