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Type is a platform for design in the built environment. We aim to share knowledge, increase accessibility, and support a culture of critique.

Articles

A space for public opinion and debate, engaging with a broad range of contributors in architecture, landscape, urban design, planning, and beyond.

Blockchain: the other AI revolution

Blockchain can offer a secure, transparent way to record agreements, and therefore holds potential across construction and property sectors, enabling real-time verification, automating payments, and improving data reliability. Yet its adoption in this context remains limited. In this article, Garry Miley discusses the possible impacts and limitations to the technology’s implementation.

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Open Space

 The potential of political design

Highly visible and emotionally charged, electoral campaigns are often the first instance in which a state’s people encounter their elected representatives. In this article, Anna Cassidy, designer for Catherine Connolly's presidential campaign, examines how political design is indispensable to the democratic process.

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Future Reference

Fellow humans

In May 2024, the Lithuanian artist Benediktas Gylys installed a portal between Dublin and New York. In this article, Felix Hunter Green explores how the portal (the third of its kind at the time) introduced a new form of present tense, a remote urbanism, to the fabric of North Earl Street.

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Present Tense

Happy the city where citizens participate

Ciarán Ferrie makes the case for more citizen participation in city life, culture, community, and democracy.

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One Good Idea
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Library

The Type online library is a digital repository of publications featuring unique research and fresh insights on the design of the built environment.

All journals and books are free to download for Type members; please login or use the download button for access.

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Architecture Ireland 276

Editor: Sandra O'Connell
Journal
€ 9.50 

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #276 focuses on the theme of 'school design'.

architecture review, school design, book review, urban planning, town planning, sustainable design
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UCD Architecture 2008

Editor: Pierre Jolivet.
Book
€ 0.00 

An annual yearbook featuring staff and student work from the UCD School of Architecture.

Richview, drawing, collage, photography, studio, technology, scale, light, movement, functional, social, technical, aesthetic, environmental, urban, suburban, exhibition, library, social architecture, UCD, studio, college, university, architecture school, craft, construction, drawing, collage, photography, model making, collaborative, civic, urban, Suzanne Betts, Darran Brennan, Donal Browne, Henry Browne, Amy Bulman, Jo Ann Butler, Aiden Carty, Dara Challoner, Mark Choi, Robert Coleman, Patrick Conway, Keith Cormack, Alan Coughlan, Donal Crowe, Alice Devenney, Aisling Donnelly, Elaine Fanning, Andrew Flood, Robert Francis, Garrett Fullam, Garrett Garvey, Seamus Guidera, Sarah Halpenny, Nicole Hardy, Lloyd Helen, Edwin Jebb, Laura Keating, Vadim Kelly, David Kennedy, Tara Kennedy, Neil Keogh, Kate Laffan, Stephen Laverty, Ciana March, Jennifer Martin, Helena McCarthy, Caitriona McGilp, Jennifer Martin, Conor McGowan, Jennifer McLoughlin, David McMillan, Barbara McShane, Caoimhe Merrick, Cathal Monaghan, Orla Monaghan, David Morgan, Melanie O’Brien, Eileen O’Connor, Dawn Parke, Sandra Plantos, Sharon Quigley, Sharon Sugrue, Shane Twohig, Brona Waldron, Rebecca Wallace, Amy Widdis, Adrian Wong, Roisin Lewis, Noel Dowley, Jim Murphy, Samantha Martin-Mcauliffe, Silvia Forlati, Adam Hall, John Tuomey, Tom Maher, Brian Ward, Jamie Doyle, Elizabeth Burns, Sarah Cremin, Miriam Delaney, Tiago Faria, Irena Kondratenko, Mark Price, Peter Tansey, Vivienne Brophy, Gerry Cahill, Kevin Donovan, Anne Gorman, Fiona Hughes, Orla Murphy, Michael Pike, Simon Walker, Matthew Beattie, Sinead Bourke, Martin Henchion, Ryan Kennihan, Michael McGarry, Sheila O’Donnell, Sterrin O’Shea, Emmett Scanlon, Derek Tynan, David Ahearne, Aisling Ahern, Amine Ait M'hand, Eimear Arthur, Marian Balfe, Leila Budd, Moira Burke, Emma Byrne, Jarlath Cantwell, Rachel Carmody, Niall Carroll, Daniel Collins, Eimear Daly, Christina Devereux, Ray Dinh, Andrea Doyle, Rachel Dudley, Pierre- Emmanuel Escoffier, Megan Etherton, Edward Feeney, Kate Griffin, James Hayes, Michael Hayes, Leah Hogan, Matthias Horn, William Hutch, Jonathan Jannsens, Fergal Joyce, James Kennedy, Shirley Kenny, Hyung Joon Kim, Damien King, Donal Lally, Sara Madigan, Alva Maguire, Conor Maguire, Suzanne Maverley, Colm MacEochagain, Ciara McCurtin, Aonghus McDonnell, Kevin McGonigle, Patrick McGrath, Sarah McKendry, Louise Moriarty, Scott Morton, Sorcha Murphy, Stephen Murray, Fiona Nulty, Maurice O’Brien, Catriona O’Connor, Jennifer O’Donnell, Aoife O’Leary, Aisling O’Sullivan, Dina Ryan, Darren Snow, Patrick Stack, Joe Stokes-Kelly, Albert Tobin, Salvatore Borza, Darrgh Butler, Jarlath Cantwell, Dina Ryan, Robert Bruton, Ronan Dunne, Donal Lally, Niall Carroll, Sean Dunleavy, Ross Gibbons, Louise Moriarty, Paul Flynn, Russell Jacob, Sue Maverley, Warren Hayes, Ross Lally, Jennifer O’Donnell, Roisin Kilrane, Darren Louth, Leila Budd, Thomas Kinsella, Fiachra McInerney, Matthias Horn, Paul Lenihan, Daniel McNamara, Megan Etherton, Michael Lennon, Darren Moore, Sorcha Murphy, Brendan Lyons, Clodagh O’Brien, Edward Feeney, Stephen Mitchell, Harry O’Doherty, Sarah McKendry, Conor Trawinski, Brendan Scales, Colm MacEochaghain, Eoghan Looney, Oisin White, Jonathan Janssens, Fionn Tynan-O’Mahony, Daniel Wright, Fiona Nulty, Sean Dunleavy, Laura Nugent, Darren Snow, Anthony Clare, Laura Mays - GMIT Furniture College, Letterfrack and Orla Murphy, Daniel P. Sudhershan - UCD Architecture, Wendy Barrett, Will Dimond, Eileen Fitzgerald, Mary Laheen, John-Barry Lowe, Stephen Mulhall, Jim Murphy, Ruth O’Herlihy, Dermot Boyd, Jim Coady, Tiago Faria, Seán Harrington, MJ Long, Pierre Long, Donal Lynch, Niall McLaughlin, Andrew Morrison, Ciaran O’Connor, Padraig O’Duineen, Pat Ruane, Stephen Tierney, Darina Tully, Mark Turpin, Brian Ward, Barber, Timothy Brick, Lisa Cassidy, Claire Chawke, Ciaran Conlon, Alex Crean, John Crowley, Brendan Dalton, Michael Doherty, Pierre-Emmaneul Escoffier, Sean Finegan, Leonie Fitzgerald, Padraig Flynn, Denis Forrest, Alessandra Fugazzi, Katy Giblin, David Hannon, Riona Hartman, Carla-Harte Hayes, Eoin Horner, Mary Hughes, Alison Hyland, Rachael Jennings, Ralphie Keane, Sorcha Kenneally, Oriana Kraemer, Elspeth Lee, Meabh McCarthy, Dermot McGlade, Philip McGlade, Padraigh McMorrough, Cillian Magee, Brian Massey, Caitiona Moloney, Laura Moran, Conor Morrissey, Maria Mulcahy, Mark Murphy, Kieran Murray, Banbha NicCanna, Aine Nic an Riogh, Aisling NiDonnchu, Aedamair NiGallchoir, Donncha O’Brien, Luke O’Callaghan, Jennifer O’Leary, Patrick Phelan, Orla Phillips, Sarah Prendergast, Hugh Queenan, Paddy Roche, Conor Rochford, Cian Scanlon, Sean Schoales, Enida Skalonjic, Ruth Stewart, Robert Tobin, David Walsh, Su Wang, Paul Kenny, Hugh Campbell, John Olley, Tiago Faria, Brian Gallagher, Irena Kondratenko, Vivienne Brophy, Anne Gorman, Seoirse MacCraith, Donal Finn, Joseph Gannon, Pierre Long, Andrew Morrison, Rick Watson, Daniel P Sudhershan, Michael Murphy, Holger Falter, Amanda Gibney, Mark Richardson, Loughlin Kealy, Paul Arnold, Bill Hasting, Pierre Jolivet, Chris Boyle, Peter Cody, Merlo Kelly, John Tuomey, Emmett Scanlon, Stephen Tierney, Michael McGarry, Daniel Rosbottom, David Kohn, Paul Kelly, Gerard Carty, Gary Lysaght, Shane O’Toole, Michael Pike, Peter Carroll, Roisin Aherne, Jennifer Belton, Maurice Brooks, Myles Burke, William Casey, Shuo Chen, Jerome Clairoux, Elizabeth Clyne, Ludo Ditlhong, Tara Doherty, James A Doran, Paul Durcan, Tadeusz Fic, Morwenna Gerrard, Alice Gibson, Faela Guiden, T. J Hartnett, Anna Hellgren, Jack Hogan, Patrick Hunt, Lucas Jollivet, Emmet Kenny, Adrian King, David Ledwith, Aoiffe Magner, Natalie Maras, Anne McGetrick, Michael Nolan, Therese Nolan, Donal O’Herlihy, Lucy O’Reilly, Ekaterina Papakovoska, Andrzej Soloduszkiewicz, Jessica Sturmer, Aisling Walker, Ewelina Walkusz, Hanna Weber, Brendan Whelan, Richard Yates, Arnau Neus Isart, Breffni Clarke, Elaine Hanna, Laura O’Brien, Brian Hewson, Helen Kelly, Julie Leysen, Joanne Lyons, Aisling Maher, Philipp Sihertler, Timmy Blackwell, Mathias Bastian, Cristina Muros, Neil Glesson, Elaine Ni Donnchadha, Ivan O’Connell, Michael Stack, Kevin Quinlan, Laura O’Brien, Lynn McMahon, Hugh Campbell, Marcus Donaghy, John Parker, Mark Price, Tom Maher, Robin Lee, Kevin Donovan, John Olley, Irene Kelly, Tiago Faria, Brian Gallagher, Gerry Cahill, Carmel Murray, Jim Murphy, Esmonde O’Briain, Jimi Sheilds, John Mclaughlin, Shelley Mcnamara, Chris Boyle, John Tuomey, Oran O’Siochain, Roisin Heneghan, Shih-Fu Peng, Samantha Martin-McAuliffe, Dan Sudhershan, Patrick Lynch, Simon Walker, Matthias Reese, Irenée Scalbert, Paul Clarke, Elizabeth Hatz, Emmett Scanlon, Michael Pike, Derek Tynan, Dougal Sheridan, David Naessens, Stuart Mcknight, Mark Pimlott, Tom de Paor, Kathleen James-Chakraborty, Howard Davies, Niall Mclaughlin, Peter Carroll, Dermot Boyd, Brian Ward, Jason O’Shaughnessy, Paul Hegarty, Emer O’Daly, Mary O’Neill, Urs Meister, Jane Ashe, Deirdre Brophy, Finn Christiansen, Eibhlin Clifford, Brian Collins, Christopher Collins, Cathal Curtin, Joaquin Dabeizes, Catherine Degroot, John Dobbin, Hugh Dolan, Michael Duffy, Cormac Fahey, Michael Fingleton, Paul Finn, Piers Floyd, Darren Gill, Brian Guckian, Brian Hagan, Diane Harrington, Clare Heffernan, John Hennigan, Grainne Keane, Orla Kennedy, David Leyden, John Lineen, Matthew Mccrum, Laura Mcdonnell, Sarah-Jane Mcgee, Deirdre Mckenna, Brendan Money, Elizabeth Mulligan, Emma Murtagh, Grainne Nestor, Celine Ni Chonchuir, Kitty O’Brien, Sorcha O’Higgins, Orla O’Loinsigh, Diarmuid O’Sullivan, Kevin O’Sullivan, Neal Patterson, Emily Power, Patrick Quinlan, John Quinn, Declan Reilly, Shane Reilly, Kate Rhatigan, Janette Scott, Brendan Sexton, Mark Skehill, Laura Sloan, Emma Spierrin, Bryan Tormey, Tim Varian, Mark Walker, Patrick White, Hugh Campbell, Marcus Donaghy, Tiago Faria, Michael Murphy, John Parker, Daniel P Sudhershan, Marcus Collier, Charles Lyons, Ciaran McNally, Michael Murphy, Simon Walker, Michael Goan, Dorothy Jones, Alan Mee, Miriam Fitzpatrick, Philip Geoghegan, Derry O Connell, Hugh Brady, Conor Norton, Michael Cregan, Michael Wall, Seamus Mc Gearailt, John Prosser, Aine Ryan, Prof. James Wyckham, Joost Beunderman, Conor Moloney, Dr Mary Gilmartin, Roisin Heneghan, Paula Russell, Martin Colreavy, Sean O'Laoire, Garry Miley, Dr. Mary Corcoran, John Mc Laughlin, Angela Rolfe, Ali Grehan, Ciaran Cuffe, Dick Gleeson, Gerry Cahill, Paul Altman, Siobhan O'Dea, Paul Arnold, Finola O Kane Crimmins, Susan Roundtree, Loughlin Kealy, John Cahill, Dr. John Olley, Mary Clark, Jackie Donnelly, Lisa Edden, Jason Ellis, Dr Aubrey Flegg, David Griffin, Aideen Ireland, Frank Keohane, Donal Lennon, Alistair Lindsay, Charlie Lyons, Daniel McInervey, Paul McMahon, M. McParland, Emily Moore, Rachel Moss, Dr. Conor Murphy, Ciaran O’Brien, Dr Freddie O Dwyer, Mona O’Rourke, Aighleann O Shaughnessy, Sara Pavia, Margaret Quinlan, Noel Riordan, Pat Ruane, Linzi Simpson, David Wall
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Architectural Survey 1965

Editor: Patrick M. Delany.
Journal
€ 4.75 

Architectural Survey was an annual review of contemporary architecture in Ireland, which ran from 1953-1972.

Church, Hospital, Commerce, Health, Industry, Education, Religion, Housing, Public Service, Recreation, school, extension, political, embassy, chancellery, Bank, offices, hotel, Louis LeBrocquy, Patrick McElroy, Desmond Kinney, mural, tapestry, art, pub, social housing, flats, private house, residential, factory, stained glass, oisin Kelly, Royal Hospital, Belfast, Church, Sion Mills, Tyrone, Murlough, Donegal, Cooleragh, Tec, School, extension, secondary school, Leix, Clogher Road, Harold’s Cross, Crumlin, carlow, offices, insurance, Dame Street, US Embassy, embassy, Ballsbridge, grand parade, airline, aviation, Westmoreland Street, Newforge Lane, Bank, Suffolk Street, Shaftesbury Square, hotel, Tivoli, Cork, Louis LeBrocquy, Patrick McElroy, Desmond Kinney, Bronze Mural, Decoration, Carrickmacross, Concrete Mural, Mural, Belfast, Hotel Extension, Anglesea Street, Municipal Housing, Bridgefoot Street, social housing, flats, Housing scheme, estate, Ennis Road, Limerick, Private House, housing, Clondalkin, Baltimore, Annadale Road, Factory, Baldonnel, Factory, Inchicore, Shelter, Moran Park, Dun Laoghaire, DLR, People’s Park, Municipal Baths, baths, sea bathing, Bray, Wicklow, Public House, Ormeau Road, pub, bar, frieze, Patrick McIlroy, Patrick Pollen, Werner Schurmann,
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Architecture Ireland 292

Editor: Dr. Sandra O'Connell
Journal
€ 9.50 

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #292 focuses on architecture in Co. Cork.

architecture review, book review, interview
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RIAI Bulletin 48

Editor: J. Owen Lewis.
Journal
€ 4.75 

Beginning in 1972, the RIAI Bulletin was a monthly newsletter to inform Institute members of the wide range of matters with which the RIAI was involved.

Council, Annual Conference, Building Exhibition, Extraordinary General Meeting, Southern Report, Northern Report, Western Report, Flat Roof Problems, George’s Quay Development, Primary School Building Projects - Conditions for Brief for all Consultants, Debate, New House Loans: Building Society Regulations, Scandinavian Modern Design 1880-1980, Michael de Courcy - An Appreciation, competition, UNESCO competition, News from the Schools, Dublin-Bogota Student Exchange, Controlling House Construction Costs, Michael de Courcy, Notices, standards, circular, newsletter, committee, competition, conference, course, lecture, planners, membership, RIAI, Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, AAI, Architectural Association ireland, George’s Quay, Flat roof, EGM, practise notice, UCD, University College Dublin, Bolton Street, student exchange, UNESCO, The Full Circle, Public Relations and the RIAI, Marketing of Professional Services, Battlements and Castle Air, Community Architecture, Architecture and Environment, Cork and Ross Church Competition, My Consulting Engineer and I, Hardcore, Architects Architecture and Environmental Management in Ireland,
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Architecture Ireland 272

Editor: Sandra O'Connell
Journal
€ 9.50 

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #272 focuses on the theme of 'the year in architecture'.

architecture review, book review, irish architecture
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Architecture Ireland 274

Editor: Sandra O'Connell
Journal
€ 9.50 

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #274 focuses on the theme 'innovation in education'.

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Architecture in Ireland - vol. 1, no. 7

Editor: Tomás O’Beirne.
Journal
€ 5.95 

First published in 1978, Architecture in Ireland was a magazine which featured ‘news, views and reviews’, architecturally significant buildings, and descriptions and illustrations of proposed developments.

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Architecture Ireland 299

Editor: Sandra O'Connell.
Journal
€ 9.50 

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #299 focuses on architecture in the West of Ireland.

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2ha: the journal of suburban design #12

Editor: Michael K. Hayes.
Journal
€ 4.00 

2ha #12 considers the power of local, national, and international governance in determining suburban morphology. Three essays focus on the multiple means by which bureaucratic structures and political ideologies control the ways, rules, and regulations in which suburban development takes place.

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Architecture Ireland 306

Editor: Michael K. Hayes.
Journal
€ 9.50 

Architecture Ireland is the journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. Issue #306 focuses on the theme of 'Waterford'.

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2ha: the journal of suburban design #14

Editor: Michael K. Hayes.
Journal
€ 4.00 

2ha #14 considers the ways in which public art is made and consumed within the suburbs. Four essays describe divergent approaches to project commissioning and implementation, highlighting the varied contexts and conditions that determine a work's lasting impact.

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Free Market News

Editors: Jeffrey Bolhuis, Jo Anne Butler, Miriam Delaney, Tara Kennedy, Laurence Lord, Orla Murphy.
Book
€ 0.00 

Free Market News is a study of market towns in Ireland, featuring a collection of essays from a broad range of experts on the past, present, and future of these small-scale settlements. The book was published as part of Free Market, the Irish Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia 2018.

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LINE 01

Editors: Caoimhe Power, Gabriella Brady, Helen McFadden, Lauren Forde.
Book
€ 0.00 

An annual yearbook featuring student work from the Dublin School of Architecture, TU Dublin.

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The Antique Pavement

Author: Derry O'Connell.
Book
€ 4.75 

An illustrated guide to Dublin's street furniture.

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Celebrating Pugin

Editor: Colum O'Riordan. Author: Roderick O'Donnell.
Book
€ 10.00 

Celebrating Pugin features a selection of drawings by 19th-century architect A. W. N. Pugin, displayed as part of an exhibition in the Irish Architectural Archive marking the bicentenary of his birth. The book also includes an essay by Roderick O'Donnell providing an overview on the role of Pugin in Ireland.

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streets for living: a conference on residential road design

Editor: Eoghan Brangan.
Book
€ 7.95 

Organised by an Foras Forbartha, this paper documents the proceedings of a conference on residential road design from Jury’s Hotel in Dublin in May 1976.

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Carlow Carbon Futures: vol. 1

Editors: Sean Brunswick, Orla McKeever, Sam Carse, Juliette Bosschaert.
Book
€ 0.00 

Fuelled by love, rage, and imagination, this publication displays the wide variety of student work produced as part of a regional vision for a zero-carbon County Carlow by 2050.

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